Recycling Speech free essay sample

Everyone today has heard of how important it is to recycle and most cities offer a recycling program, but what exactly is recycling and how beneficial is it really to us and the environment? Recycling is the process of turning one products useful parts into a new product; this is done to conserve on the consumption of resources, energy, and space used in landfills. Despite the education and awareness of global warming and the need to conserve Earths precious resources people worldwide continue to live as if there is no limit to our space and to our resources. Even the most conscious minded person who fills their recycle bins each week may not realize the amount of recyclable material that is commonly thrown away in small ways. The United States is the world’s largest trash producing country at 1,609 pounds of trash per person per year. That’s just about 5% of the world’s population producing about 40% of the world’s waste. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2006, the United States reached a landmark in its paper recycling efforts with 53. 4% of the paper consumed being recovered for recycling. Recycling paper is not enough however; and although the most common recyclable items including glass, plastic, paper and aluminum are largely being sent to recycling centers, the recycling efforts as a whole throughout the world need to increase if we want to see a marked difference in our landfills, resources and global warming. As of today, Americans use 2. 5 million plastic bottles every hour, of which less than 1% are recycled. By recycling just one bottle you’re saving enough energy to light a 100-watt bulb for 4 hours. And for every ton of plastic that is recycled we save the equivalent of 2 people’s energy use for a year, the amount of water used by 1 person in 2 month’s time and almost 2000 pounds of oil. Odd as it seems there are many people who do not realize that the plastic bottles our water comes in are made using oil. This is the same oil that is used to make gasoline. Its the same oil that is in such high demand and is not an unlimited resource. Millions of barrels of this oil could be saved if we increase our efforts to recycle aluminum cans. Although they are among the most popular recycled materials and account for less than 1% of the total U. S. waste stream, Americans throw away enough aluminum to rebuild our entire commercial fleet of airplanes every three months, and the energy required to replace just the aluminum cans wasted in 2001 was equivalent to 16 million barrels of crude oil, enough to meet the electricity needs of all homes in Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, San Francisco and Seattle. Perhaps where we need to focus a great deal more attention is paper waste. The average American uses 650 pounds of paper each year, and only about half of all paper products are being recycled. It’s as easy as putting your newspaper in the recycle bin instead of the garbage one. In fact, if everyone recycled their newspapers, we could save about 250 million trees each year. Recycling one ton (about 2,000 pounds) of paper saves 17 trees, 380 gallons of oil (enough to run the average car for 1,260 miles), 4,100 kilowatts of energy (enough power for the average home for six months), 7,000 gallons of water, 3. cubic yards of landfill space, and 60 pounds of pollution. The amount of wood and paper we throw away each year is enough to heat 50,000,000 homes for 20 years, save 100 million tons of wood, and absorb hundreds of thousands of pounds of carbon dioxide out of the air each year. Most people don’t realize the harm they’re causing just by throwing last semesters notes in the garbage. The average person throws away about 1. 5 tons of soli d waste per year. The EPA estimates that 75 percent of it is recyclable, only about 30 percent is actually recycled. Because people haven’t recycled enough in the past, landfills are overflowing. Mount Rumpke is the highest point in Ohio. It is literally a mountain of trash piled 1000 feet high and in a landfill. Ever heard of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? Its twice the size of Texas and is floating somewhere between San Francisco and Hawaii. It’s just like a giant garbage island. Its 80 percent plastic, and weighs in at 3. 5 million tons. And the sad thing is that plastic bags and other plastic garbage thrown into the ocean like this kills as many as 1,000,000 sea creatures a year! The rate of the Rain Forests’ being cut down, is a staggering 100 acres per minute! So in the time it takes me to give this speech, 400 maybe 500 acres gone. Most of which could be spared if people would recycle their paper products. In fact if all paper products were recycled it would save over 100 million tons of wood per year. It’s amazing how many resources we can save, and how much pollution we can prevent by recycling. But people haven’t educated themselves as to how much energy is wasted by just throwing things in the trash, and so don’t think twice about it. A survey was done and 9 out of 10 people surveyed said they would recycle more if it was easier. The truth of the matter is, it’s ridiculously easy. Just putting your empty soda bottle in the garbage can with the triangle on it, and it protects the Earth and its resources, and us from harmful pollution. Taking just a moment to put your newspaper, soda can and glass spaghetti jar in the recycling bin will save everyone years of environmental harm from production of new materials, over crowded landfills and the depletion of our natural resources. We all live on this Earth, we need to protect it.

How to Compare and Contrast Literary Essay Sample The Grade

How to Compare and Contrast Literary Essay Sample The GradeA literary essay sample that compares and contrasts is what most readers are looking for when they go to a university library. All the right information can be collected in a writing sample if you know how to use the resources available to you. And a good library has several good examples available that you can examine as you seek out a thesis or as you study for an essay.The goal of a literary essay is to explain how an author has changed the genre or style of the novel, book, or story. By using a literary example you are seeking to identify the overall theme or idea behind a story, poem, or other text. By comparing and contrasting literary examples you are bringing the characters, events, settings, plot, and other elements together for the reader to read about. You can also compare and contrast text styles like linear, picture, and cross-lingual styles.First, get an example of what works well. You might begin with a popular story or novel, then go on to read a more detailed version of the same story. The next step is to contrast the two versions of the same story. Then start on your literary essay sample.The first thing to do when looking for a literary example is to narrow your focus. If the article topic is biographies of famous people, there are many great biographies available. Biographies of famous people and literature is not always a clear theme. You might try to find a biographical novel that includes the author or authors of the book as a part of the fictional story.The next step is to look for literary examples of better writing or copy writing. There are many good examples of copy writing out there in books or on the Internet. You might want to visit a website that offers biographies of famous authors or stories.Another step is to compare and contrast text examples in your essay. You can use a literary example to develop a new idea in your thesis or to expand the themes in an essay that you are working on. When looking for a literary example you might also want to include a description of the author's environment or society or cultural background.There are other places to find literary examples. Some publishers have a library that allows authors to submit samples to the publisher. Other publishers have magazines that offer examples. Even books you may find in a book store have examples to review.You can use a literary example to help you develop your ideas. Use a literary example when developing your thesis. Use a literary example to help you develop an essay about another genre.

Free Essays on Alcohol

Alcohol has long had its mark on the world. It is noted as one of the oldest drugs to man and has long created problems in the way of morality and health. With the negative effects of alcohol on society, the application of its uses should be a concern to all. With the progression of education and technology, one would think that problems become easier to handle and that dilemmas become more manageable through time. As for the scenario of underage drinking, even the best technology and information are useless if the direction of their goals is in the wrong way. As a means to deal with alcohol and adolescents the current movement has been made on the education of facts and the prevention of consumption. The methods that are being used are aimed at the goal of abstinence to alcohol by adolescents. Alcohol use, however, has remained high in adolescent groups. In addition, there are a growing number of health problems related to the misuse of alcohol in adolescents. With our knowl edge about these issues we have the criteria to make an impact. It is my theory, that instead of focusing on the education of facts and the abstinence of alcohol, behavioral modifications can be used to exemplify safe and accepting ways of consuming spirits. This will negate the curiosity and desire for the drug as well as establish some sort of boundaries for this confused group of citizens. The decisions that are being made in the current prevention movement of alcohol use in adolescents, is not satisfying its goals. The current methods that are being practiced are ignorant to the fact that use of alcohol in adolescents is far from any level of abstinence. Since 1975, 93% of high school seniors stated usage at some point in time (Kuehnel). This is a drug that is extremely obtainable and very socially excepted. Each weekend it is estimated that 30-40% of the youth in America use alcohol (Kuenel). The aura surrounding the drug generates its desire. ... Free Essays on Alcohol Free Essays on Alcohol Alcohol can and does kill millions of people each year. It can effect your brain and make you shake, lose all your senses, and kill off your brain cells. It also can cause your liver to deteriorate and not function properly. Liver transplants are hard to come by and do not happen often, if your liver goes out you do not have many chances of living much longer. You could also choke on your puke and die. Drinking too much alcohol can kill you, but millions of people consume mass amounts daily. College students drink and party a great amount. The average student drinks at least three nights a week and that is the weekend. Most sororities and fraternities encourage drinking. The fraternities make their pledges drink and the kids love it. It makes them loosen up and have a good time meeting new people. Drinking is also a good way for students who do not know anybody to meet new people and feel more comfortable when they go into an unfamiliar place with a lot of strangers around. When someone is drunk they feel more comfortable and able to talk to random people they do not know and have a good time. Once someone becomes familiar with certain people or just being drunk around strangers, it becomes a habit and that is when school work starts to not be important anymore. Students who drink start to stop attending classes because they are hung-over, tired because they did not go to bed, or just do not feel like going because they would like to start drinking again. The! re are tho se who can drink every night of the week and still go to class, do their homework, and keep their grades up. Those who can do that are very rare and end up eventually stop being able to do it anymore and fail out of school. It is not very hard for someone to pick up a beer and drink it instead of picking up a book to read. After sometime of constantly drinking, I have seen and do see kids drinking while they do their homework or study for a test. I do not know how thos... Free Essays on Alcohol Alcohol has long had its mark on the world. It is noted as one of the oldest drugs to man and has long created problems in the way of morality and health. With the negative effects of alcohol on society, the application of its uses should be a concern to all. With the progression of education and technology, one would think that problems become easier to handle and that dilemmas become more manageable through time. As for the scenario of underage drinking, even the best technology and information are useless if the direction of their goals is in the wrong way. As a means to deal with alcohol and adolescents the current movement has been made on the education of facts and the prevention of consumption. The methods that are being used are aimed at the goal of abstinence to alcohol by adolescents. Alcohol use, however, has remained high in adolescent groups. In addition, there are a growing number of health problems related to the misuse of alcohol in adolescents. With our knowl edge about these issues we have the criteria to make an impact. It is my theory, that instead of focusing on the education of facts and the abstinence of alcohol, behavioral modifications can be used to exemplify safe and accepting ways of consuming spirits. This will negate the curiosity and desire for the drug as well as establish some sort of boundaries for this confused group of citizens. The decisions that are being made in the current prevention movement of alcohol use in adolescents, is not satisfying its goals. The current methods that are being practiced are ignorant to the fact that use of alcohol in adolescents is far from any level of abstinence. Since 1975, 93% of high school seniors stated usage at some point in time (Kuehnel). This is a drug that is extremely obtainable and very socially excepted. Each weekend it is estimated that 30-40% of the youth in America use alcohol (Kuenel). The aura surrounding the drug generates its desire. ... Free Essays on Alcohol Alcoholism Alcoholism is a disease of epidemic proportions, affecting 9.3 to 10 million Americans, and many professionals believe the figures are closer to 20 million (Weddle and Wishon). Alcoholism is a "physiological or physiological dependence on alcohol characterized by the alcoholic’s inability to control the start or termination of his drinking"(Encyclopedia Britannica 210). It consists of frequent and recurring consumption of alcohol to an extent that causes continued harm to the drinker and leads to medical and social problems. Alcoholism, however, does not merely cause harm to the alcoholic, but to the entire family as well, affecting an estimated 28 million children in this country (Weddle and Wishon). These children grow up in the unhealthy and abnormal family systems harmed by alcoholism, carrying the negative effects of this environment with them into adulthood. Consequently, adult children of alcoholics are the innocent victims of a disease which has shaped their personalities and behavior as children and will, if not treated, promote their personal disintegration as adults. Most alcoholics don’t fit the stereotype of the lying in the gutter drunk. Alcoholics are likely to be persons of intense, if sometimes brief, enthusiasms. They often try to do too much too fast. They tend to demand perfection in themselves and in others. Frustrated, they may become painfully depressed or overly aggressive. There is a lack of inner stability with which to face life’s problems in a realistic manner (AL-Anon). As the disease of alcoholism sets in, the family is forced to make an unspoken decision- to leave the alcoholic or to stay and adapt to his illness. Because they do not want to disrupt their own lives or leave a love one, they deny the problem and try to adapt to the pressures and problems that alcoholism brings. Typically, as alcoholism takes over, the alcoholic becomes incre... Free Essays on Alcohol Alcohol Millions of people consume alcohol everyday. The chemical formula for alcohol is. Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. It is a depressant, and causes relaxation, pleasure, and stimulation for those who consume the beverage. Alcohol is an addictive substance; however, not everybody becomes addicted. Alcoholics are compulsive drinkers, who can not keep their drinking under control. Frequently alcoholics intend to have only one or two drinks but find it impossible to stop. They end up consuming eight or more drinks at one sitting. Many people drink alcohol, but only a small amount develop drinking problems (World Book, 2000). The exact cause of alcoholism as puzzled many researchers. Alcoholism can be explained as a(Alcohol and Tobacco, p33) chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manisfestations. Alcoholism was recognized as a disease two hundred years ago. Scientists, physicians, and social workers believe that alcoholism is the result of a complex mix of sociological, psychological, and behavioral factors that interact with a person’s genetic makeup, resulting in a complex mix (Alcohol and Tobacco, p. 36). Research shows that heredity plays an important role in alcoholism. Alcoholism is thought to be linked to various genes. Researchers believe that certain families may have a unique mix of genes that make family members more susceptible to alcoholism than others. Studies have proved that people with an alcoholic parent have a g reater risk of developing the disease, than people without alcoholic parents. Alcoholism and the Family states Twenty-eight million Americans grew up in families where one or both parents have alcoholism (p 11). In the 1950s, a twin study was conducted in Sweden. (Alcohol and Tobacco) Researchers first identified male twins, at least one of whom had a problem with alcohol. When they stud...

Analysis of Income Tax Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Income Tax - Assignment Example   There are quite a few changes that have been made to the original figure provided in the scenario, the reason for the changes made are listed below: Note 1: These incomes have previously been included in the gross profit, originally these incomes should not have been added to the gross profit as these incomes are not related to Thomas’s business, and these incomes are related to his private investments. These incomes will be catered to in the total taxable income section that will shortly follow and the gain on disposal of the machinery will be discussed in the capital gains section. Note2: Thomas owns the business and thus all the profit he earns from his business is his own, he is not allowed to devote a sum namely as his salary that will qualify as a tax expense. Note 3: Council Tax for Thomas’s house is not related to his business Note 4: Replacement of house front door is his private expenditure which cannot be included in his business expenditures. Note 5: It has been provided in the scenario that the car is 40% used for Thomas’s private use, thus the expense on patrol will be deducted by 40%, it has been assumed that the patrol used is on the car that is partly used by Thomas. Note 6: Repairs to the car will also be reduced by 40%, as the car is also used for private purposes. Note 7: Insurance and Road fund tax will also be reduced respectively according to the private use of the car. Note 8: Subscription to the Liberal-Democrat Party will not qualify as a business expense as it does not relate to the business, it is a private expense. Note 9: Providing donation to son’s school is a private expenditure, it cannot be added to the business account. Note 10: The depreciation that has been deducted from the net profit is used by using the accountancy principles; however this figure cannot be used for tax purposes. Note 11: Flowers taken home by Thomas is regarded as a withdrawal from the business, the cost of the flowers are not allowed to be added to the cost of the flowers sold by Thomas, the cost of the flowers which are calculated to be 325 will be added back to the net profit originally calculated. Note 12: The depreciation is replaced by the taxation depreciation that is known as capital allowance, this allowance is calculated by using the guidelines that are provided by the governments of different countries, the rule here used is based on United Kingdom guidelines (HMRC). The detailed calculation of the capital allowance is shown below: Annual Investment Allowance:? Machinery Purchased 20,000 Excavating Equipment 21,000 Computer Equipment used for Inventory Control 8,000 Total Annual Investment Allowance 49,000 According to the guidelines provided by the United Kingdom HM Revenue and Customs, a business can claim Annual Investment Allowance; this opportunity has been provided to the businesses to encourage them  to invest in machinery.  

Macro forces analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Macro forces analysis - Research Paper Example Investment in Kenya provides the investor with a chance to access the other east African countries due to Kenya’s strategic location (Njuguna). The research starts with a preview of factors that have lend to Kenya as my choice, followed by a study of Kenya’s cultural, economic and political trends and also an analysis of its technological and competitive position in the international markets. This analysis ends with a recommendation of the investment opportunities in Kenya. Since 1963, Kenya has managed to maintain a diversified economy where the private sector plays a major role (Njuguna). Despite some periods of tension the country has not resulted to civil war or massive intervention in its economy. In the recent past various reforms have taken place including review of public private partnerships meant to attract investors, setting up of a competitive and transparent privatization programme and formulation of vision 2030 to guide Kenya’s investment through a clear outline of government plan for the economy and the requirements, benefits of partnerships (Linda). A number of factors make Kenya a strategic country for investment among many nations. These factors range from its location, availability of labour, favourable government policies, availability of raw materials for industries, availability of affiliate services, political stability, a favourable social structure and a high level of economic growth (Otieno). Kenya is currently at 57.1 on economic freedom making it 111th freest economy according to 2014 index. This score is 1.2 points higher than 2013 with notable improvements in labour freedom, monetary freedom and trade freedom. Measures have been implemented to financial management and efficiency. Kenya’s location is strategic due to its direct access to Indian Ocean that is endowed with a beautiful and extensive natural harbour at along its coast. This is the

Job roles and working arrangements of Theatro Technics Essay Example for Free

Job roles and working arrangements of Theatro Technics Essay Key jobs within Theatro Technics vary from floor workers to management. Each of these jobs help carry out a function and the general running of the business. Although it is said that there are very important jobs, high and low, each job plays an important role and all staffs contribution should be valued. Something interesting of Theatro Technics and other theatres is that jobs within the business are not all located in the actual theatre. While certain staff like reception and ushers are most visible, key jobs are in management and are usually invisible to the public. I have identified 6 key jobs following inquiries at Theatro Technics, the jobs listed below are organised in descending order of seniority excluding the board of directors: JOB TITLE ROLE WORKING ARRANGEMENTS The board of directors The primary responsibility of the board of directors is to protect the shareholders assets and ensure they receive a decent return on their investment. Theatre director (Artistic director) He is responsible for the programming of productions and events, writing reports and watching over the staff. His working hours are very flexible 27 hours a week any time and he gets one month per years holiday. (But not all at once). This applies to all managerial staff. He gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 per for being a theatre director and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 for being a financial manager so all together he gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½75,000 per year, monthly. His assistant gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000 per year, monthly. finance manager The finance manager and takes care of the theatres finances incoming and out going and also fund raising. His working hours are very flexible 27 hours a week any time and gets one month per years holiday (But not all at once). They get paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000 per year, monthly. But as the Theatre director is also the finance manager he is paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25, 000 for that job. Theatre manager They have to make sure that all employees are doing theyre jobs and doing them correctly. Basically just the day to day running of the business Their working hours are quite flexible 25 hours a week 5 hours a day Monday to Friday and like all managerial staff get one month per years holiday (But not all at once). They get paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000 per year, monthly. Technical manager The technical manager keeps Theatro Technics up to date with technology, deals with costumes and makes sure lighting and sounds are working. Their working hours are quite flexible 25 hours a week 5 hours a day Monday to Friday and gets one month per years holiday (But not all at once). They get paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 per year, monthly. Bar manager The bar manager has to manage the bar on production nights (and days). By counting profits and such. Basically the same thing as the theatre manager but for the bar. Their working hours are quite flexible working only on production nights (and days) and get one month per years holiday (But not all at once). They get paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 per year, monthly. The board of directors: The board of directors is the highest governing authority within the management structure at Theatro Technics and any other publicly traded company. It is the boards job to select, evaluate, and approve appropriate compensation for the companys chief executive officer (CEO), evaluate the attractiveness of and pay dividends, recommend stock splits, oversee share repurchase programs, approve the companys financial statements, and recommend or strongly discourage acquisitions and mergers. Theatro Technics is governed by a dedicated Board of Directors comprised of business leaders, entertainment leaders and arts advocates who share a common passion for theatre and a commitment to the community. The board also serves as a champion of the theatre arts in the London community. It is dedicated to raising the profile of Theatro Technicss theatre, supporting the development of London, and igniting interest in the theatre among the youth in the community. Theatre director (Artistic director) and finance manager: In my chosen business George Eugeniou is both of these (but he has an assistant who is paid just under half of what he is paid). In the theatre business, the theatre director is the highest job role. He is responsible for the programming of productions and events, writing reports and watching over the staff. He is also the finance manager and takes care of the theatres finances incoming and out going and also fund raising. The main theatre director has to report to the board of directors and the finance manager has to report to the theatre director (but in this case it is himself). Theatre manager: In Theatro Technics there are two theatre managers and they have to make sure that all employees are doing theyre jobs and doing them correctly. One way in which they do this is through motivation. They also have to ensure that the programme is implemented within the budget for each project within the time limit. Basically just the day to day running of the theatre. They have to report to the theatre director. Technical manager: The technical manager is the back stage person dealing with costumes, dealing with the lighting and sounds in the production and also checks if they are working. The technical manager also keeps Theatro Technics up to date with technology ensuring that they have the latest software computing. The technical manager requires experience and qualifications in I.T. and stage management. The technical manager reports to the theatre manager. And because he is managerial staff his working hours are also flexible and he gets one month per years holiday. (But not all at once). He is paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 per year, monthly. Bar manager and bartenders: The bar manager has to manage the bar on production nights (and days). Counting profits and such basically the same thing as the theatre manager but for the bar and its staff team of 4. They only work on production days. Or any other (required) days. The bar manager reports to the theatre manager. The bar manager being managerial staff his working hours are also flexible and he gets one month per years holiday. (But not all at once). He is paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 per year, monthly. The bartenders are paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 per year, monthly. Ushers: The ushers show you where your seats are in the theatre and are on à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.50 over the U.K.s minimum wage per hour, which is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.23. They report to the theatre manager. Working only on production nights. Or any other (required) days. Cleaners: They are on minimum wage and clean the building every day. They get à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.73 per hour daily and 50p more on production nights/days. They have to report to the theatre manager. Below I have provided a business organizational chart. A Business Organizational Chart is a management tool wherein it shows both management and workers the entire line structure of the company. Although this is mostly intended for management, as it shows the structure of the entire business. The main purpose of using a typical organizational chart is to show the power thru the use of lines and boxes. Organizational Chart ANALISIS OF IMPORTANT JOB ROLES AND WORKING ARRANGEMENTS IN THEATRO TECHNICS. Looking at key jobs in Theatro Technics it becomes clear that a job there can vary enormously, from high importance jobs to low importance jobs. Its also clear that the rout to promotion isnt as easy as it seems, although good technical workers can become technical managers and so on. This is the managerial and ground floor division. Is it necessary? Workers with ambition might be more encouraged to work harder if they knew there was a possibility of getting promoted to managerial positions. But the existing system of different levels of pay for job seniority seems to work well. There is also a real difference in the job requirements for managerial and salaried employees. Salaried workers E.G. secretaries and bartenders are reasonably skilled and well paid; top level managerial workers have degrees and other qualifications. Managerial jobs involve making decisions for the theatre, and can shape the theatre by theyre actions. Managerial workers can look at profitable and unprofitable assets, and adapt to what they think might be in popular demand. They can also recommend changes how Theatro Technics generally runs as a business, and might change the theatre many times while working there. Floor level workers like ushers and cleaners, carry out basic tasks and generally posses few qualifications, low skilled workers. They are the largest group of workers in Theatro Technics. Most of these workers are not represented by any union and hardly know any English. The secretary plays an important role within Theatro Technics, which is to help customers by carrying out useful functions like, manning the telephones and responding to E-Mails. Each Secretary contributes to Theatro Technics by becoming effective in carrying out specific tasks, which covers a lot of customer inquiries, making a good customer service. Their weakness is that usually their knowledge isnt extensive enough. If I was to criticise I would say that managerial and floor worker divides can create unnecessary and expensive bureaucracy, and having such a divided system misses some good ground floor talent.

Response to Davidsons Africa in History :: World History

Response to Davidson's Africa in History Africa, steeped in history, is often known as the "cradle of civilization." Civilization was most greatly nurtured during the Pleistocene era. The history pre-, proto-, and fully human unfolds mostly during the Pleistocene era. Stone tools caused an increase in population throughout Africa because of knowledge of fire, knowing how to carry burdens and live in caves (9). Around 10,000 B.C., Neanderthals, last of the hominids, disappeared and home sapiens took over (9,10). Between 5500 and 2500 B.C. there was a Makalian 'wet phase' where there was a great mixing of people, plenty of fish, wildlife and trees. The author seems to believe in the authenticity of early African history. He dismisses the "Hamitic hypothesis" as "great nonsense" (ll,l2). The "Hamitic hypothesis" stated that the Hamites (Caucasians) were responsible for any process in history identifiable in Africa. The hypothesis stated that Negroes were too primitive to embark on any such processes of history (l2). >P> The first great civilization of Africa took place in Egypt. Egyptians started 3round the delta and were part of the Saharan Sudanese culture (l5). They became strong because they knew when the Nile River floods were coming and could cultivate their land with rich soil (13). The Egyptians built many notable stone monuments and created a pharaonic monarchy. For many centuries they were supreme military fighters and ruled Northern Africa through the Old, Middle and Late Kingdoms. During the Late Kingdom Egypt came under attack by the Kushites (33). Egyptians weren't able to defend themselves well in part because of lack of iron tools. Egyptians did not see iron as significant military weapons. Iron was seen as curiosity pieces for the pharaohs (37). Consequently, Kushites briefly became the dominant power in Africa. Quite often scholars argued that the Egyptians of the Pharaonic Age were not black. This is an argument that the author argues "as little tenable as saying Serbers and Ethiopians weren't Negro" (25,26). My opinion is that scholars would not care if the Egyptians were black if they weren't such an important civilization. Africa produced many significant civilizations such as the Egyptian, Songhay, Mali and Ethiopian but would see the fruits of labor manipulated and tortured during the Atlantic slave trade. Slavery marks one of the worst but important tragedies that beset my ancestors. The Atlantic Trade consisted mainly of slaves, firearms, gold, spices and indigo.