Microeconomics Perfect competition

Question: Discuss about the Microeconomics Perfect competition. Answer: Profit maximization under perfect competition As per the concept of microeconomics, in order to maximize the profitability under the perfect competition, the apple-manufacturing firm requires to set the price level where marginal revenue is equivalent to the marginal cost. MR is the slope of the marginal revenue curve and this is equivalent to the price level and the demand curve. Under short run, the apple-manufacturing firm would be possible to make economic profits, which would be equal to positive, negative or zero. In this context, it can be mentioned that if the price level is higher than the average total cost, then the firm would incur loss within the industry. Figure 1: Perfect competition under perfect competition (Source: Created by author) From the above figure, it can be mentioned that under short run, the apple-manufacturing firm would make profit where price level such as P is higher than the average cost that is C. Therefore, this is the point which is assumed as the optimal level in case of pick up apples. In addition, it can be mentioned that the area PCBA denotes the supernormal profit and area COQB denotes the area of normal profitability. On the other hand, Koschker and Most (2016) added that under long run, the apple manufacturing firm would make normal profits. Therefore, the supply curve would be shifted to right and the equilibrium price would be decreased. As a result, the economic profitability would be decreased until it becomes zero. As per the statement of Makowski (2014), if there arise any inefficiency within the perfectly competitive market, then the government requires to intervene. Government tries to mitigate the inequalities by imposing taxation or by providing subsidies. As a result, the market will be perfectly allocated. References Koschker, S. and Mst, D., 2016. Perfect competition vs. strategic behaviour models to derive electricity prices and the influence of renewables on market power.OR spectrum,38(3), pp.661-686. Makowski, L., 2014. Perfect Competition, the Profit Criterion, and the Organiza-tion of Economic Activity.Journal of Economic Theory,22, pp.105-25.

In Hong Kong deep excavations ... free essay sample

In Hong Kong deep excavations are often used for construction of underground transportation networks, buildings basements and water distribution system. The deep excavation methods always causing adverse ground movement and result in damage of the structure of the adjacent property particularly in soft ground situation. Thus, excavation and lateral support (ELS) system is very important to prevent the excessive ground movement. Some of the researchers have studies the ground deformation created by excavations in soft clay, however seldom of researchers have studies the deformation behaviour during excavation in reclaimed Land. In this Dissertation, a deep excavation case using diaphragm wall to support the mixed ground for studying the ground movement behavior will be shared. Nowadays, numerical analysis is the major method to estimate the ground settlement and deformation induced by excavations, while it is quite difficult to select a suitable model and difficult to determine the soil parameters. Review of the soil parameters is the most important process before carrying out the numerical analysis. Hence, back-analysis will be conducted to define the parameters for excavations in mixed ground. The proposed Dissertation report mainly focuses on the behaviour of Diaphragm Wall during deep excavation. This progress review report mainly to discuss the literature review and method to analysis the behavior of Diaphragm Wall for deep excavation process.The proposed Route 6 network development in Hong Kong comprise of Central Kowloon Route (CKR), Trunk Road T2, and Tseung Kwan O – Lam Tin Tunnel. Route 6 will offer an east-west express link between West Kowloon and Tseung Kwan O and resolve the existing heavily congested urban road network in the central and eastern Kowloon areas [CEDD, 2015]. Contract No. KL/2014/03 – Kai Tak Development Stage 3 is required to build a Trunk Road T2. The Length of T2 is about 420m underground vehicular tunnel by using of a supporting underground structure (SUS) which consist of diaphragm walls, pre-bored H-piles, tunnel top and bottom slabs, temporary end walls for CKR connection and ventilation adits buried underneath the existing Shing Cheong Road and Cheung Yip Street. Road T2 is the entrustment works of the part of Central Kowloon Route development [CEDD, 2015].Due to widespread volcanism and plutonism beneath the earths surface in ancient, the geological profile generally in Hong Kong are volcanic and granitic materials [Sewell 2000]. The subtropical and monsoonal climate with cool dry winters and hot and wet summers in Hong Kong has accelerate weathering processes in these kinds of rocks. The profiles are usually from few meters to several tens of meters in thickness depend on the intensive of the scrubbing processes [Fyfe 200 0]. The rocks cover with Quaternary surface sediments, ranging in thickness from lamellae to several tens of meters. Quaternary superficial deposit comprises many local deposits and extensive collapse of alluvium. Marine sediments may exist in some areas above the alluvial layer. In developed areas, a few meters thick of fill soil located above the sediments surface. Groundwater level is generally higher, just a few meters below the surface. Hong Kong mainly is hilly geometry land thus lack of flat land for urban development. The past century, the extensive reclamation has been carried out at the coastal line of Hong Kong Kowloon Peninsula [Fyfe 2000]. In Hong Kong, there are 6 type of decomposition levels to classify the soil and the rock, table 4 shown in Geoguide 3 are usually used to describe the volcanic and granitic materials in Hong Kong [Geoguide 3, 2017]. The soil mechanics terminology of rock define as the material of decomposition levels from Grades I to III and Grade I is fresh rock, Grade II ; III slightly and moderately decomposed rock. Grades IV to VI decomposition material define as soil. Soil is equal to rock of decomposition Grades IV and V or namely highly decomposed and completely decomposed materials. Grade VI, defined as residual soil, which is not common found in Hong Kong and usually in a thin layer.It is not easy to obtain undisturbed granular granitic and volcanic samples deeper than 20 meters for carry out testing in laboratory. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most common method used in Hong Kong to verify its geotechnical characteristics. It has recently been found that shear modulus of granitic rock is highly nonlinear even at very small strains. In-situ measurements of shear modulus of granite soil at very small strains Go by compression wave and shear wave (P-S) velocity logging tests conducted at Kowloon Bay [Ng 2000], where N is number of blow count from SPTs. A range of SPT N values correlated with Youngs modulus such as E = 200 to 3000N (kPa) was proposed by Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) of Civil Engineering Development Department (CEDD) of The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) [Geoguide 1, 2017]. Also, the relationships between SPT N values and shear strength parameters (i.e., effective cohesion, c and angle of friction, I ;) and fine contents are given by [Pun and Ho 1996]. The range for I ; varies from 33Â ° and 44Â ° and c from 0 to 6 kPa related to the proportion of fine contents and SPT N values. The geological feature of Kai Tak airport is a reclamation area, it is using granular fill material from the seabed to develop Kai Tak airfield by hydraulic fill method from Victoria Harbour [CEDD web site]. During the feasibility stage of the proposed Central Kowloon Route, CEDD of HKSAR has conducted ground investigation for the proposed underground trunk road development. The geological ground condition of the area generally comprises of around 10~14m thick of fill, 2~11m thick of marine deposit, 12~22m thick of alluvium, 8~48m thick of completely decomposed granite and moderately decomposed granite (Bed Rock).Throughout ground investigation process on site and laboratory testing of soil sample, most of the important soil parameters could be defined. These information is important for design the deep excavation system and the proposed works such as:In dense urban city, space for new construction site is limited thus deep excavation for substructure work will induce adverse ground movement to the adjacent property. Throughout the past 30 years diaphragm wall was widely used for deep excavations in Hong Kong such as the Mass Transit Railway, Express Rail Link, Basement of Mega High-Rise Building and Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS) that provide and extra underground space for development. Diaphragm Wall is reinforced concrete wall panel constructed in the ground using bentonite slurry trench technique during excavation, slurry has unit weight around 10. 5 to 10.8 kN/m3. Obstructions such as boulders may be presented during the excavation, hydrofraise machine ore pre-boring will be used to overcome the hard material. Water-stop will be provided in the vertical joint between the reinforced concrete wall panels.The D-walls are supported by props such as concrete floor slabs for top-down construction method or temporary props such as steel struts in both top-down and bottom-up construction method. In a complex underground structure, tie-back anchors may be used which provided more working space then the traditional strutting system. The advantage of top-down method is to speed up construction process and to minimize ground deformation, while the bottom-up method is often used when working space is allowed. According to the findings from [Long 2001], the wall deflection using the top-down construction method is not smaller than the bottom-up construction method. In some case, the wall deflection using the top-down construction method is found greater than the bottom-up construction method such as the case in Singapore Nicholl Highway.Inject grout curtain to the toe of D-wall is a normal practice which to control seepage of groundwater entering into an excavation site and to prevent the groundwater drawdown and ground settlement outside the D-wall. A pumping test is performed to ensure water tightness of diaphragm wall.Bottom-up method for construction of the underground vehicular tunnel was adopted in this project, hit and miss diaphragm walls with strutting as the temporary support system for stages excavation works. The layout and details of the ELS are presented in the following:Most of the excavation are carried out in dense urban areas, so it is very important to check the stabili ty of the works which may induce adverse effect to the adjacent structures during the design and construction period. It is necessary to prepare well in advance to predict the excessive ground deformation phenomenon of deep excavation in design stage and review during the construction stage to ensure the safety and serviceability of the adjacent buildings and facilities. Inappropriate planning and design of ELS system can result in substantial deformation of soil and damage to the adjacent properties. Based on the available information of site, preventive measures will be developed for ELS works. The key elements need to be identified by finite element simulation. Therefore, numerical analysis helps to design the appropriate measures suitable for construction. The accuracy of soil deformation estimation depends on the correct interpretation of the numerical tool, the appropriate soil parameters, water pressure and properties of the lateral support system.There are three categories methods for soil deformation prediction, they are numerical methods, the analytical solutions and, empirical methods. Those methods have their own advantage and disadvantage on application which depends on the specific site constrains. Particularly, the numerical analysis can provide analysis of non-linear soil behaviour and complex construction procedure, this method needs proper understanding of soil parameters and properties of the lateral support system.Two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis is used by Engineers since 1969, owning to the availability of computer facilities and simply for modelling of different site constrains and construction methods. In most cases, 2D analysis is conservatively predicts the deformation behaviour. This conservative prediction due to correct interpretation of the soil parameters, location and nature of fictitious boundary conditions, effect of surcharge from adjacent structures, sequence of excavations, etc.Some researchers have studied the effect of diaphragm wall on the stress distribution and deformation characteristics of ground below adjacent structure at different locations. Idealized processing of typical building loads, analysis of their effects on excavation and lateral support systems, bending moments, shear forces and displacement of D-walls. The results of the study indicate that the use of D-wall can greatly limit the ground movement under the building and safely for excavation. The horizontal and vertical displacements and the shear stress in the soil decrease linearly with the distance from the D-walls.In this research, an effort will be made to compare the soil deformation pattern in design stage and construction stage owning to deep excavation. The Trunk Road T2 is still in construction progress. The predicted deformation modelling of the mix ground soil by the computer program Plaxis will be used and also compared with the actual site monitoring measured data such as ground settlement marker, vertical inclinometer, strain gauge and piezometer during the construction.Finally, back calculation will be adopted to evaluate the accuracy of estimated soil parameters. Even under similar ground conditions, soil parameters can change significantly due to size, loading history, and excavation methods. However, these soil parameters will be followed the guidelines in Geoguides. This method can prove to be the best practice in any geotechnical energineering, as well as the initial field and laboratory investigations. Therefore, it can minimize the risk of construction and damage to adjacent structures. However, how to overcome the challenge of accurately predicting ground deformation does not have much guidance. The key difficulties of predicting ground movements from the comparison results will be suggested and recommended the improvement for the prediction throughout on the design consideration and inspection process.

Recycling Speech free essay sample

Everyone today has heard of how important it is to recycle and most cities offer a recycling program, but what exactly is recycling and how beneficial is it really to us and the environment? Recycling is the process of turning one products useful parts into a new product; this is done to conserve on the consumption of resources, energy, and space used in landfills. Despite the education and awareness of global warming and the need to conserve Earths precious resources people worldwide continue to live as if there is no limit to our space and to our resources. Even the most conscious minded person who fills their recycle bins each week may not realize the amount of recyclable material that is commonly thrown away in small ways. The United States is the world’s largest trash producing country at 1,609 pounds of trash per person per year. That’s just about 5% of the world’s population producing about 40% of the world’s waste. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2006, the United States reached a landmark in its paper recycling efforts with 53. 4% of the paper consumed being recovered for recycling. Recycling paper is not enough however; and although the most common recyclable items including glass, plastic, paper and aluminum are largely being sent to recycling centers, the recycling efforts as a whole throughout the world need to increase if we want to see a marked difference in our landfills, resources and global warming. As of today, Americans use 2. 5 million plastic bottles every hour, of which less than 1% are recycled. By recycling just one bottle you’re saving enough energy to light a 100-watt bulb for 4 hours. And for every ton of plastic that is recycled we save the equivalent of 2 people’s energy use for a year, the amount of water used by 1 person in 2 month’s time and almost 2000 pounds of oil. Odd as it seems there are many people who do not realize that the plastic bottles our water comes in are made using oil. This is the same oil that is used to make gasoline. Its the same oil that is in such high demand and is not an unlimited resource. Millions of barrels of this oil could be saved if we increase our efforts to recycle aluminum cans. Although they are among the most popular recycled materials and account for less than 1% of the total U. S. waste stream, Americans throw away enough aluminum to rebuild our entire commercial fleet of airplanes every three months, and the energy required to replace just the aluminum cans wasted in 2001 was equivalent to 16 million barrels of crude oil, enough to meet the electricity needs of all homes in Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, San Francisco and Seattle. Perhaps where we need to focus a great deal more attention is paper waste. The average American uses 650 pounds of paper each year, and only about half of all paper products are being recycled. It’s as easy as putting your newspaper in the recycle bin instead of the garbage one. In fact, if everyone recycled their newspapers, we could save about 250 million trees each year. Recycling one ton (about 2,000 pounds) of paper saves 17 trees, 380 gallons of oil (enough to run the average car for 1,260 miles), 4,100 kilowatts of energy (enough power for the average home for six months), 7,000 gallons of water, 3. cubic yards of landfill space, and 60 pounds of pollution. The amount of wood and paper we throw away each year is enough to heat 50,000,000 homes for 20 years, save 100 million tons of wood, and absorb hundreds of thousands of pounds of carbon dioxide out of the air each year. Most people don’t realize the harm they’re causing just by throwing last semesters notes in the garbage. The average person throws away about 1. 5 tons of soli d waste per year. The EPA estimates that 75 percent of it is recyclable, only about 30 percent is actually recycled. Because people haven’t recycled enough in the past, landfills are overflowing. Mount Rumpke is the highest point in Ohio. It is literally a mountain of trash piled 1000 feet high and in a landfill. Ever heard of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? Its twice the size of Texas and is floating somewhere between San Francisco and Hawaii. It’s just like a giant garbage island. Its 80 percent plastic, and weighs in at 3. 5 million tons. And the sad thing is that plastic bags and other plastic garbage thrown into the ocean like this kills as many as 1,000,000 sea creatures a year! The rate of the Rain Forests’ being cut down, is a staggering 100 acres per minute! So in the time it takes me to give this speech, 400 maybe 500 acres gone. Most of which could be spared if people would recycle their paper products. In fact if all paper products were recycled it would save over 100 million tons of wood per year. It’s amazing how many resources we can save, and how much pollution we can prevent by recycling. But people haven’t educated themselves as to how much energy is wasted by just throwing things in the trash, and so don’t think twice about it. A survey was done and 9 out of 10 people surveyed said they would recycle more if it was easier. The truth of the matter is, it’s ridiculously easy. Just putting your empty soda bottle in the garbage can with the triangle on it, and it protects the Earth and its resources, and us from harmful pollution. Taking just a moment to put your newspaper, soda can and glass spaghetti jar in the recycling bin will save everyone years of environmental harm from production of new materials, over crowded landfills and the depletion of our natural resources. We all live on this Earth, we need to protect it.

How to Compare and Contrast Literary Essay Sample The Grade

How to Compare and Contrast Literary Essay Sample The GradeA literary essay sample that compares and contrasts is what most readers are looking for when they go to a university library. All the right information can be collected in a writing sample if you know how to use the resources available to you. And a good library has several good examples available that you can examine as you seek out a thesis or as you study for an essay.The goal of a literary essay is to explain how an author has changed the genre or style of the novel, book, or story. By using a literary example you are seeking to identify the overall theme or idea behind a story, poem, or other text. By comparing and contrasting literary examples you are bringing the characters, events, settings, plot, and other elements together for the reader to read about. You can also compare and contrast text styles like linear, picture, and cross-lingual styles.First, get an example of what works well. You might begin with a popular story or novel, then go on to read a more detailed version of the same story. The next step is to contrast the two versions of the same story. Then start on your literary essay sample.The first thing to do when looking for a literary example is to narrow your focus. If the article topic is biographies of famous people, there are many great biographies available. Biographies of famous people and literature is not always a clear theme. You might try to find a biographical novel that includes the author or authors of the book as a part of the fictional story.The next step is to look for literary examples of better writing or copy writing. There are many good examples of copy writing out there in books or on the Internet. You might want to visit a website that offers biographies of famous authors or stories.Another step is to compare and contrast text examples in your essay. You can use a literary example to develop a new idea in your thesis or to expand the themes in an essay that you are working on. When looking for a literary example you might also want to include a description of the author's environment or society or cultural background.There are other places to find literary examples. Some publishers have a library that allows authors to submit samples to the publisher. Other publishers have magazines that offer examples. Even books you may find in a book store have examples to review.You can use a literary example to help you develop your ideas. Use a literary example when developing your thesis. Use a literary example to help you develop an essay about another genre.

Free Essays on Alcohol

Alcohol has long had its mark on the world. It is noted as one of the oldest drugs to man and has long created problems in the way of morality and health. With the negative effects of alcohol on society, the application of its uses should be a concern to all. With the progression of education and technology, one would think that problems become easier to handle and that dilemmas become more manageable through time. As for the scenario of underage drinking, even the best technology and information are useless if the direction of their goals is in the wrong way. As a means to deal with alcohol and adolescents the current movement has been made on the education of facts and the prevention of consumption. The methods that are being used are aimed at the goal of abstinence to alcohol by adolescents. Alcohol use, however, has remained high in adolescent groups. In addition, there are a growing number of health problems related to the misuse of alcohol in adolescents. With our knowl edge about these issues we have the criteria to make an impact. It is my theory, that instead of focusing on the education of facts and the abstinence of alcohol, behavioral modifications can be used to exemplify safe and accepting ways of consuming spirits. This will negate the curiosity and desire for the drug as well as establish some sort of boundaries for this confused group of citizens. The decisions that are being made in the current prevention movement of alcohol use in adolescents, is not satisfying its goals. The current methods that are being practiced are ignorant to the fact that use of alcohol in adolescents is far from any level of abstinence. Since 1975, 93% of high school seniors stated usage at some point in time (Kuehnel). This is a drug that is extremely obtainable and very socially excepted. Each weekend it is estimated that 30-40% of the youth in America use alcohol (Kuenel). The aura surrounding the drug generates its desire. ... Free Essays on Alcohol Free Essays on Alcohol Alcohol can and does kill millions of people each year. It can effect your brain and make you shake, lose all your senses, and kill off your brain cells. It also can cause your liver to deteriorate and not function properly. Liver transplants are hard to come by and do not happen often, if your liver goes out you do not have many chances of living much longer. You could also choke on your puke and die. Drinking too much alcohol can kill you, but millions of people consume mass amounts daily. College students drink and party a great amount. The average student drinks at least three nights a week and that is the weekend. Most sororities and fraternities encourage drinking. The fraternities make their pledges drink and the kids love it. It makes them loosen up and have a good time meeting new people. Drinking is also a good way for students who do not know anybody to meet new people and feel more comfortable when they go into an unfamiliar place with a lot of strangers around. When someone is drunk they feel more comfortable and able to talk to random people they do not know and have a good time. Once someone becomes familiar with certain people or just being drunk around strangers, it becomes a habit and that is when school work starts to not be important anymore. Students who drink start to stop attending classes because they are hung-over, tired because they did not go to bed, or just do not feel like going because they would like to start drinking again. The! re are tho se who can drink every night of the week and still go to class, do their homework, and keep their grades up. Those who can do that are very rare and end up eventually stop being able to do it anymore and fail out of school. It is not very hard for someone to pick up a beer and drink it instead of picking up a book to read. After sometime of constantly drinking, I have seen and do see kids drinking while they do their homework or study for a test. I do not know how thos... Free Essays on Alcohol Alcohol has long had its mark on the world. It is noted as one of the oldest drugs to man and has long created problems in the way of morality and health. With the negative effects of alcohol on society, the application of its uses should be a concern to all. With the progression of education and technology, one would think that problems become easier to handle and that dilemmas become more manageable through time. As for the scenario of underage drinking, even the best technology and information are useless if the direction of their goals is in the wrong way. As a means to deal with alcohol and adolescents the current movement has been made on the education of facts and the prevention of consumption. The methods that are being used are aimed at the goal of abstinence to alcohol by adolescents. Alcohol use, however, has remained high in adolescent groups. In addition, there are a growing number of health problems related to the misuse of alcohol in adolescents. With our knowl edge about these issues we have the criteria to make an impact. It is my theory, that instead of focusing on the education of facts and the abstinence of alcohol, behavioral modifications can be used to exemplify safe and accepting ways of consuming spirits. This will negate the curiosity and desire for the drug as well as establish some sort of boundaries for this confused group of citizens. The decisions that are being made in the current prevention movement of alcohol use in adolescents, is not satisfying its goals. The current methods that are being practiced are ignorant to the fact that use of alcohol in adolescents is far from any level of abstinence. Since 1975, 93% of high school seniors stated usage at some point in time (Kuehnel). This is a drug that is extremely obtainable and very socially excepted. Each weekend it is estimated that 30-40% of the youth in America use alcohol (Kuenel). The aura surrounding the drug generates its desire. ... Free Essays on Alcohol Alcoholism Alcoholism is a disease of epidemic proportions, affecting 9.3 to 10 million Americans, and many professionals believe the figures are closer to 20 million (Weddle and Wishon). Alcoholism is a "physiological or physiological dependence on alcohol characterized by the alcoholic’s inability to control the start or termination of his drinking"(Encyclopedia Britannica 210). It consists of frequent and recurring consumption of alcohol to an extent that causes continued harm to the drinker and leads to medical and social problems. Alcoholism, however, does not merely cause harm to the alcoholic, but to the entire family as well, affecting an estimated 28 million children in this country (Weddle and Wishon). These children grow up in the unhealthy and abnormal family systems harmed by alcoholism, carrying the negative effects of this environment with them into adulthood. Consequently, adult children of alcoholics are the innocent victims of a disease which has shaped their personalities and behavior as children and will, if not treated, promote their personal disintegration as adults. Most alcoholics don’t fit the stereotype of the lying in the gutter drunk. Alcoholics are likely to be persons of intense, if sometimes brief, enthusiasms. They often try to do too much too fast. They tend to demand perfection in themselves and in others. Frustrated, they may become painfully depressed or overly aggressive. There is a lack of inner stability with which to face life’s problems in a realistic manner (AL-Anon). As the disease of alcoholism sets in, the family is forced to make an unspoken decision- to leave the alcoholic or to stay and adapt to his illness. Because they do not want to disrupt their own lives or leave a love one, they deny the problem and try to adapt to the pressures and problems that alcoholism brings. Typically, as alcoholism takes over, the alcoholic becomes incre... Free Essays on Alcohol Alcohol Millions of people consume alcohol everyday. The chemical formula for alcohol is. Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. It is a depressant, and causes relaxation, pleasure, and stimulation for those who consume the beverage. Alcohol is an addictive substance; however, not everybody becomes addicted. Alcoholics are compulsive drinkers, who can not keep their drinking under control. Frequently alcoholics intend to have only one or two drinks but find it impossible to stop. They end up consuming eight or more drinks at one sitting. Many people drink alcohol, but only a small amount develop drinking problems (World Book, 2000). The exact cause of alcoholism as puzzled many researchers. Alcoholism can be explained as a(Alcohol and Tobacco, p33) chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manisfestations. Alcoholism was recognized as a disease two hundred years ago. Scientists, physicians, and social workers believe that alcoholism is the result of a complex mix of sociological, psychological, and behavioral factors that interact with a person’s genetic makeup, resulting in a complex mix (Alcohol and Tobacco, p. 36). Research shows that heredity plays an important role in alcoholism. Alcoholism is thought to be linked to various genes. Researchers believe that certain families may have a unique mix of genes that make family members more susceptible to alcoholism than others. Studies have proved that people with an alcoholic parent have a g reater risk of developing the disease, than people without alcoholic parents. Alcoholism and the Family states Twenty-eight million Americans grew up in families where one or both parents have alcoholism (p 11). In the 1950s, a twin study was conducted in Sweden. (Alcohol and Tobacco) Researchers first identified male twins, at least one of whom had a problem with alcohol. When they stud...

Analysis of Income Tax Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Income Tax - Assignment Example   There are quite a few changes that have been made to the original figure provided in the scenario, the reason for the changes made are listed below: Note 1: These incomes have previously been included in the gross profit, originally these incomes should not have been added to the gross profit as these incomes are not related to Thomas’s business, and these incomes are related to his private investments. These incomes will be catered to in the total taxable income section that will shortly follow and the gain on disposal of the machinery will be discussed in the capital gains section. Note2: Thomas owns the business and thus all the profit he earns from his business is his own, he is not allowed to devote a sum namely as his salary that will qualify as a tax expense. Note 3: Council Tax for Thomas’s house is not related to his business Note 4: Replacement of house front door is his private expenditure which cannot be included in his business expenditures. Note 5: It has been provided in the scenario that the car is 40% used for Thomas’s private use, thus the expense on patrol will be deducted by 40%, it has been assumed that the patrol used is on the car that is partly used by Thomas. Note 6: Repairs to the car will also be reduced by 40%, as the car is also used for private purposes. Note 7: Insurance and Road fund tax will also be reduced respectively according to the private use of the car. Note 8: Subscription to the Liberal-Democrat Party will not qualify as a business expense as it does not relate to the business, it is a private expense. Note 9: Providing donation to son’s school is a private expenditure, it cannot be added to the business account. Note 10: The depreciation that has been deducted from the net profit is used by using the accountancy principles; however this figure cannot be used for tax purposes. Note 11: Flowers taken home by Thomas is regarded as a withdrawal from the business, the cost of the flowers are not allowed to be added to the cost of the flowers sold by Thomas, the cost of the flowers which are calculated to be 325 will be added back to the net profit originally calculated. Note 12: The depreciation is replaced by the taxation depreciation that is known as capital allowance, this allowance is calculated by using the guidelines that are provided by the governments of different countries, the rule here used is based on United Kingdom guidelines (HMRC). The detailed calculation of the capital allowance is shown below: Annual Investment Allowance:? Machinery Purchased 20,000 Excavating Equipment 21,000 Computer Equipment used for Inventory Control 8,000 Total Annual Investment Allowance 49,000 According to the guidelines provided by the United Kingdom HM Revenue and Customs, a business can claim Annual Investment Allowance; this opportunity has been provided to the businesses to encourage them  to invest in machinery.  

Macro forces analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Macro forces analysis - Research Paper Example Investment in Kenya provides the investor with a chance to access the other east African countries due to Kenya’s strategic location (Njuguna). The research starts with a preview of factors that have lend to Kenya as my choice, followed by a study of Kenya’s cultural, economic and political trends and also an analysis of its technological and competitive position in the international markets. This analysis ends with a recommendation of the investment opportunities in Kenya. Since 1963, Kenya has managed to maintain a diversified economy where the private sector plays a major role (Njuguna). Despite some periods of tension the country has not resulted to civil war or massive intervention in its economy. In the recent past various reforms have taken place including review of public private partnerships meant to attract investors, setting up of a competitive and transparent privatization programme and formulation of vision 2030 to guide Kenya’s investment through a clear outline of government plan for the economy and the requirements, benefits of partnerships (Linda). A number of factors make Kenya a strategic country for investment among many nations. These factors range from its location, availability of labour, favourable government policies, availability of raw materials for industries, availability of affiliate services, political stability, a favourable social structure and a high level of economic growth (Otieno). Kenya is currently at 57.1 on economic freedom making it 111th freest economy according to 2014 index. This score is 1.2 points higher than 2013 with notable improvements in labour freedom, monetary freedom and trade freedom. Measures have been implemented to financial management and efficiency. Kenya’s location is strategic due to its direct access to Indian Ocean that is endowed with a beautiful and extensive natural harbour at along its coast. This is the